ME 123 Introduction to Mechanical Design (3 credits)
Introduction to engineering design process and analysis techniques including problem solving skills, development of software learning skills, graphical analysis, data analysis, and documentation skills. The course includes lecture and lab periods each week. (Fall only)
ME 201 Engineering Team Projects (1-3 credits, max arranged)
Students will be introduced to a systems approach to designing, building and delivering an interdisciplinary engineering project, with an emphasis on learning how to realize a project in an organized team environment. Projects are chosen at the discretion of the department. Additional project duties/assignments required for 400-level credit. Prereq for ME 401: Permission. Prereq for ME 201: Permission.
ME 204 (s) Special Topics (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged
ME 223 Mechanical Design Analysis (3 credits)
Use of design and problem solving methodology to model requirements, conduct project learning, develop concepts, and realize prototypes. Projects feature elements of electromechanical design, rapid prototyping, and experimentation. Typically Offered: Fall and Spring.
ME 280 Programming Essentials for Engineers (3 credits)
Introduces fundamental principles and techniques of computing and software programming. The course aims to provide students with an understanding and ability to write small to medium-level programs that will allow them to perform computing tasks in various projects or coursework. Topics include procedural programming (methods, parameters, return values, etc. ), basic controls and data structures, algorithms and problem-solving strategies, and software development tools and techniques. The course will use Python as the programming language, and is intended for students without any prior programming experience. Typically Offered: Fall.
ME 290 Computer Aided Design Methods (3 credits)
Engineering drawing literacy, pre-CAD planning, part modeling, assembly modeling, drawing package formulation, culminating team project involving virtual dissection and reassembly of a complex machine. Typically Offered: Fall and Spring.
ME 299 (s) Directed Study (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged
ME 307 Group Mentoring I (1 credit)
Mentoring of student groups in engineering classes where a process education environment is used; students taking this course will improve their engineering skill in the area they are mentoring as well as improving their team, communication, and leadership skills. Students must attend all classes or labs where group activities in the process education environment are done (a minimum of 2 mentoring sessions per week).
ME 308 Group Mentoring II (1 credit)
Mentoring of student groups in engineering classes where a process education environment is used; students taking this course will improve their engineering skill in the area they are mentoring as well as improving their team, communication, and leadership skills. Students must attend all classes or labs where group activities in the process education environment are done (a minimum of 2 mentoring sessions per week).
ME 313 Dynamic Modeling of Engineering Systems (3 credits)
Application of basic engineering principles to model and analyze the dynamic response of engineering systems; problem solutions will utilize transfer function methods, state variable techniques, and simulation software. Typically Offered: Fall and Spring.
ME 322 Mechanical Engineering Thermodynamics (3 credits)
Thermodynamic properties of substances, first and second laws of thermodynamics, thermodynamic analysis of mechanical engineering thermal components and cycles, psychrometric process, and introduction to combustion systems. Typically Offered: Fall and Spring.
ME 325 Machine Component Design I (3 credits)
Study of stress, deflection and stiffness, material properties, static and fatigue failure theory in the context of the analysis and design of machine components such as fasteners, welds, spring design and bearings. Significant use of solid modeling and use of equation solvers. Typically Offered: Spring.
ME 330 Experimental Methods for Engineers (3 credits)
Measurement systems and their application to engineering problems; topics include generalized performance of measurement systems, measuring and control devices, data acquisition and analysis, and report writing. Two lectures and one 2-hour lab per week. Typically Offered: Fall and Spring.
ME 341 Intermediate Mechanics of Materials (3 credits)
Mechanics of materials approach to three-dimensional stress and strain, unsymmetrical bending, shear centers, curved beams, thick-walled pressure vessels, non-circular torsion, energy methods and advanced strength theories. Introduction to elementary kinematics. Significant use of solid modeling and use of equation solvers. Typically Offered: Fall.
ME 345 Heat Transfer (3 credits)
Transmission by conduction of heat in steady and unsteady states, by free and forced convection, and by radiation; combined effects of conduction, convection, and radiation. Typically Offered: Fall and Spring.
ME 398 (s) Engr Coop Internship I (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged. Supervised internship in professional engineering settings, integrating academic study with work experience; requires written report to be evaluated by a designated faculty member; details of co-op to be arranged with ME Department before start of co-op; cannot be counted as a technical elective.
ME 401 Engineering Team Projects (1-3 credits, max arranged)
Students will be introduced to a systems approach to designing, building and delivering an interdisciplinary engineering project, with an emphasis on learning how to realize a project in an organized team environment. Projects are chosen at the discretion of the department. Additional project duties/assignments required for 400-level credit. Prereq for ME 401: Permission. Prereq for ME 201: Permission Graded Pass/Fail. Typically Offered: Fall and Spring.
ME 403 (s) Workshop (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged
ME 404 (s) Special Topics (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged
ME 407 Group Mentoring III (1 credit)
Mentoring of student groups in engineering classes where a process education environment is used; students taking this course will improve their engineering skill in the area they are mentoring as well as improving their team, communication, and leadership skills. Student must attend all classes or labs where group activities in the process education environment are done (a minimum of 2 mentoring sessions per week).
ME 410 Principles of Lean Manufacturing (3 credits)
Principles of lean manufacturing are introduced that provide a systematic process for identifying and eliminating non-value activities (waste) in production processes. Students learn these principles through a series of workshops, lectures, and hands-on simulations of lean principles. Three hours of lecture and six hours of outside work per week.
ME 412 Gas Dynamics (3 credits)
Compressible flow in ducts and nozzles, shock waves and expansion waves, and adiabatic two-dimensional compressible flow.
ME 413 Engineering Acoustics (3 credits)
Fundamentals of acoustics including wave theory; transmission through layers, generation and reception; low frequency models; application to sound measurement, transducers, loudspeaker cabinet design, and nondestructive testing; acoustic design project required. Additional projects/assignments required for graduate credit.
ME 414 HVAC Systems (3 credits)
Application of thermodynamics, heat transfer, and fluid flow to understanding the psychrometric performance of systems and equipment; evaluating the performance characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of the various types of HVAC systems including large tonnage refrigeration/chiller equipment, cooling coils, cooling towers, ducts, fans, and heat pump systems; economics of system and equipment selection. Cooperative: open to WSU degree seeking students.
ME 415 Materials Selection and Design (3 credits)
Selection of materials for use in structural applications; consideration of environment, stress conditions, cost, and performance as guide to properties; optimization of choice of materials and fabrication methods; open-ended problems of real applications in various industries. Recommended Preparation: MSE 313 and MSE 456. (Spring only)
ME 416 FE Exam Review (1 credit)
Review of 10 essential topics on the Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals of Engineering exam, including preparation in each topic area based on online review sessions and solving sample problems. Graded P/F
ME 417 Turbomachinery (3 credits)
Introduction to the basic principles of modern turbomachinery. Emphasis is placed on steam, gas (combustion), wind and hydraulic turbines. Applications of the principles of fluid mechanics, thermodynamics and aerodynamics to the design and analysis of turbines and compressors are incorporated. Additional technical research report and presentation required for graduate credit. ME 517 is cooperative: open to WSU degree-seeking students. Recommended Preparation: ENGR 320, ENGR 335.
ME 420 Fluid Dynamics (3 credits)
Credit not granted for both ME 420 and ME 520. A second fluid dynamics course featuring vector calculus and integral and differential forms of the conservation laws. Topics include fluid properties, fluid statistics, inviscid flow; conservation of mass, momentum, and energy; and turbulence. Other topics may be covered. Additional projects/assignments required for graduate credit.
ME 421 (s) Advanced Computer Aided Design (3 credits)
Use of solid modeling software for advanced component design, creation of complex multi-component assemblies, animation studies, and rendering. Course concludes with one month-long final project.
ME 424 Mechanical Systems Design I (3 credits)
Study of production realization including project planning, concept design, detail design, and manufacturing processes with multiple realistic constraints. Concepts learned are applied to a two-semester, capstone design project. The project is continued in ME 426. Typically Offered: Fall.
ME 426 Mechanical Systems Design II (3 credits)
Continuation of each two-semester, capstone design project that was started in ME 424. (Spring only)
ME 429 Combustion and Aeropropulsion (3 credits)
Basic concepts related to chemically reacting flows, including thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, and transport processes. Introduction to premixed and non-premixed combustion processes. Description of basic combustion phenomena for non-premixed, premixed flames, and ignition. Oxidation mechanisms for fuels in various combustion processes. Discussion on the formation of pollutants during combustion processes and their subsequent transformations in the atmosphere with an emphasis on the effects of design and operating parameters of combustion devices on the nature and composition of exhaust gases. An introduction to aerospace propulsion concepts, including aircraft jet engine combustors and chemical rocket propellants. Additional projects/assignments are required for graduate credit. Typically Offered: Fall (Odd Years).
ME 430 Senior Lab (3 credits)
Detailed lab investigation of engineering problem; statistical design of experiments; application of engineering principles to analyze experimental data; technical report writing; oral communication skills. One lecture and four hours of lab per week.
ME 433 Combustion Engine Systems (3 credits)
Theory and characteristics of combustion engines; combustion process analysis; fuels, exhaust emissions and controls; system analysis and modeling.
ME 435 Thermal Energy Systems Design (3 credits)
Application of fluid mechanics, thermodynamics and heat transfer in the design of thermal energy systems; topics include thermal energy system component analysis and selection, component and system simulation, dynamic response of thermal systems, and system optimization.
ME 436 Sustainable Energy Sources and Systems (3 credits)
An introduction to renewable energy conversion. Topics include: solar thermal, solar photovoltaic, and wind energy. Cooperative: open to WSU degree seeking students.
ME 438 Sustainability and Green Design (3 credits)
Understanding the Concept of Sustainability, Industrial Ecology and Sustainable Engineering, Metabolic Analysis, Sustainable Engineering, Design for Environment and Sustainability, Life Cycle Assessment, Energy & Water and Industrial Ecology, The status of Resources, Sustainable Engineering and Economics Development. Cooperative: open to WSU degree seeking students.
ME 450 Fundamentals of Computational Fluid Dynamics (3 credits)
Governing equations of fluid flow; fundamentals of turbulence modeling; accuracy and stability of discretization schemes; verification and validation; boundary and initial conditions; grid generation; CFD post-processing. Application of CFD software (ANSYS FLUENT) through five hands-on CFD Labs including internal viscous pipe flows, external flows over a 2D airfoil and a circular cylinder, and flows in a 2D driven cavity.
ME 451 Experimental Methods in Fluid Dynamics (3 credits)
The objective of this course is to develop the knowledge and skills to be able to design and perform fluid dynamics experiments (and experiments in related areas) and to interpret and report the results. Learn the words, the concepts, and experimental skills in areas including dimensional analysis and scaling of experiments, flow visualization, velocity and flow rate measurements, turbulence measurements, and sediment sizing and transport measurements. Additional projects/assignments required for graduate credit. One 1-1/2 hour lecture and one 3-hour lab per week. Recommended Preparation: ENGL 317 and ENGR 335
ME 454 Assistive Technologies for Physical Impairment (3 credits)
Introduction to assistive and rehabilitative robotics research. Topics include but not limited to: normal and pathological function in the brain and body; exoskeleton robotics; human-machine-interfaces; and development of R&D technical skills culminating in a team design project. Additional project/assignment components required for graduate credit.
ME 455 Biomechanics: Genome to Phenome (3 credits)
The course introduces students to the history and evolution of plant biomechanics with a specific focus on grass species and crops. A multiscale understanding of biomechanical structures and features will be presented. Students will learn appropriate testing methodologies to quantify material properties of plant tissue at multiple scales. Additional work required for graduate credit. Typically Offered: Fall (Odd Years).
ME 458 Finite Element Applications in Engineering (3 credits)
The finite element method is an essential tool for the design and research activities performed in engineering companies and academic institutions. The goal of this course is to introduce students to the use of the finite element method by focusing on a range of engineering applications and employing an interactive commercial finite element code. Students will learn how to solve various problems from several mechanical engineering areas including solid mechanics, heat transfer and fluid mechanics. When available, analytical solutions will be compared with the finite element solutions for validation purposes. ME 558 is cooperative: open to WSU degree seeking students.
ME 459 Robotic Systems Engineering I (3 credits)
Topics to be covered include: principles of distributed systems control, interfacing and signal conditioning of sensors and actuators, data acquisition and signal processing, microprocessor-based control, physical modeling, and hardware and software simulation for model validation and control. Typically Offered: Fall and Spring.
ME 461 Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics (3 credits)
Fracture mechanics approach to structural integrity, fracture control, transition temperature, microstructural and environmental effects, fatigue and failure analysis.
ME 464 Robotics Kinematic and Kinetic Analysis (3 credits)
Mathematical analysis of spatial robotics including forward and inverse kinematics of serial and parallel chains using the product-of-exponentials formulation and analyses of forces and velocities via the manipulator Jacobian. Semester hands-on project(s) include(s) the construction of small robot(s) to apply course concept. Typically Offered: Fall.
ME 466 Compliant Mechanism Design (3 credits)
Will focus on the design, analysis, and manufacture of compliant mechanisms. Traditional kinematics and elastic deflections will be reviewed, and the area of large-deflection analysis will be introduced. The compliant mechanism theory will be introduced and applied. Additional coursework required for graduate credit. Typically Offered: Fall (Odd Years).
ME 472 Mechanical Vibrations (3 credits)
Free and forced vibration of single and multiple degree of freedom systems; response of mechanical systems to inputs of varying complexity, ranging from single frequency to pseudo-random; applications to mechanical design and vibration control. Cooperative: open to WSU degree-seeking students.
ME 480 Introduction to Programming for Engineers (3 credits)
This course will provide an introduction to the programming world. Topics covered include data types, functions, logic, conditionals, recursion, and sorting. More advanced topics are introduced, including classes, methods, and input/output. Programs are develop using modern languages (e. g. Python) and applications in engineering are explored (e. g. data acquisition, data analysis, computer vision, and artificial intelligence. )
ME 481 Control Systems (3 credits)
Analysis and design of feedback control systems using frequency and time domain methods, and computer-aided design tools. Cooperative: open to WSU degree-seeking students.
ME 490 Solid Modeling, Simulation and Manufacturing Capstone (3 credits)
Use of solid modeling software focused on preparation for certification examinations, introduction to multi-physics numerical simulation, and computer aided manufacturing (CAM). A major final project is required. (Fall only)
ME 495 Mechanics in Design and Manufacturing (3 credits)
An examination of the mechanics of deformation, shaping, and forming of materials, and the manufacturing processes utilizing them. Discussion of the four main material classes, their properties and their applications. Topics include elasticity, plasticity, and continuous material flow, microstructural concerns, advanced material failure mechanisms, materials testing, and design for manufacture.
ME 499 (s) Directed Study (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged. Selected topics. Detailed report required.
ME 500 Master's Research and Thesis (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged
ME 501 (s) Seminar (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged
ME 502 (s) Directed Study (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged Supervised study, including critical reading of current literature.
ME 503 (s) Workshop (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged
ME 504 (s) Special Topics (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged
ME 505 (s) Professional Development (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged
ME 513 Engineering Acoustics (3 credits)
Fundamentals of acoustics including wave theory; transmission through layers, generation and reception; low frequency models; application to sound measurement, transducers, loudspeaker cabinet design, and nondestructive testing; acoustic design project required. Additional projects/assignments required for graduate credit. Cooperative: open to WSU degree-seeking students.
ME 514 HVAC Systems (3 credits)
Application of thermodynamics, heat transfer, and fluid flow to understanding the psychrometric performance of systems and equipment; evaluating the performance characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of the various types of HVAC systems including large tonnage refrigeration/chiller equipment, cooling coils, cooling towers, ducts, fans, and heat pump systems; economics of system and equipment selection. Cooperative: open to WSU degree seeking students.
ME 517 Turbomachinery (3 credits)
Introduction to the basic principles of modern turbomachinery. Emphasis is placed on steam, gas (combustion), wind and hydraulic turbines. Applications of the principles of fluid mechanics, thermodynamics and aerodynamics to the design and analysis of turbines and compressors are incorporated. Additional technical research report and presentation required for graduate credit. ME 517 is cooperative: open to WSU degree-seeking students. Recommended Preparation: ENGR 320, ENGR 335.
ME 519 Fluid Transients (3 credits, max 3)
. Development of concepts and modeling techniques for unsteady flow of liquid and gas in piping systems; extensive computer programming used to develop tools for analysis, design, and control of transients. (Alt/yrs).
ME 520 Fluid Dynamics (3 credits)
Credit not granted for both ME 420 and ME 520. A second fluid dynamics course featuring vector calculus and integral and differential forms of the conservation laws. Topics include fluid properties, fluid statistics, inviscid flow; conservation of mass, momentum, and energy; and turbulence. Other topics may be covered. Additional projects/assignments required for graduate credit.
ME 524 Sustainable Food-Energy-Water Systems (3 credits)
This course covers sustainability analysis, life cycle assessment, and applications of sustainability across design and manufacturing processes, as well as food-energy-water systems, which establishes the concept of sustainability, and sustainable engineering. This course introduces the intersection of sustainability and food-energy-water systems through sustainable development, sustainability principles, and environmental analysis. Foundational knowledge in physics, chemistry, calculus, engineering materials; engineering design and manufacturing; foundational knowledge in business operations and supply chain. Typically Offered: Spring.
ME 525 Advanced Heat Transfer (3 credits)
Study of major chemical and physical principles affecting properties of solid state engineering materials. Topics include bonding, carrier statistics, band-gap engineering, optical and transport properties, novel materials systems, characterization, magnetism, and comprehensive introduction to physics of solid state devices. Cooperative: open to WSU degree-seeking students.
ME 527 Thermodynamics (3 credits)
Thermodynamic laws for design and optimization of thermodynamic systems, equations of state, properties of ideal and real fluids and fluid mixtures, stability, phase equilibrium, chemical equilibrium, applications of thermodynamic principles. Cooperative: open to WSU degree-seeking students.
ME 529 Combustion and Aeropropulsion (3 credits)
Basic concepts related to chemically reacting flows, including thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, and transport processes. Introduction to premixed and non-premixed combustion processes. Description of basic combustion phenomena for non-premixed, premixed flames, and ignition. Oxidation mechanisms for fuels in various combustion processes. Discussion on the formation of pollutants during combustion processes and their subsequent transformations in the atmosphere with an emphasis on the effects of design and operating parameters of combustion devices on the nature and composition of exhaust gases. An introduction to aerospace propulsion concepts, including aircraft jet engine combustors and chemical rocket propellants. Additional projects/assignments are required for graduate credit. Typically Offered: Fall (Odd Years).
ME 538 Sustainability and Green Design (3 credits)
Understanding the Concept of Sustainability, Industrial Ecology and Sustainable Engineering, Metabolic Analysis, Sustainable Engineering, Design for Environment and Sustainability, Life Cycle Assessment, Energy & Water and Industrial Ecology, The status of Resources, Sustainable Engineering and Economics Development. Cooperative: open to WSU degree seeking students.
ME 539 Advanced Mechanics of Materials (3 credits)
Limitations of results of elementary mechanics of materials, complex situations of loading and structural geometry, applications to design of machines and structure, introduction to elasticity. Cooperative: open to WSU degree-seeking students.
ME 540 Continuum Mechanics (3 credits)
Stress and deformation of continua using tensor analysis; relationship between stress, strain, and strain rates in fluids and solids; applications. Cooperative: open to WSU degree seeking students.
ME 541 Mechanical Engineering Analysis (3 credits)
Mathematical modeling and solutions to mechanical engineering problems; analytical solutions to linear heat and mass diffusion, waves and vibrations; introduction to approximate techniques. Cooperative: open to WSU degree-seeking students.
ME 544 Conduction Heat Transfer (3 credits)
Formulation of steady-state and transient one- and multi-dimensional heat conduction problems; analytical solution techniques for linear problems including separation of variables, integral transforms, and Laplace transforms.
ME 546 Convective Heat Transfer (3 credits)
Energy conservation equations; laminar and turbulent forced convective heat transfer; internal and external flow; free convection. Cooperative: open to WSU degree-seeking students.
ME 547 Thermal Radiation Processes (3 credits)
Thermal radiation; radiation interchange among surfaces; radiation in absorbing-emitting gases; combined modes of heat transfer.
ME 549 Finite Element Analysis (3 credits)
Formulation of theory from basic consideration of mechanics; applications to structural engineering, solid mechanics, soil and rock mechanics; fluid flow. Cooperative: open to WSU degree seeking students.
ME 550 Advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics (3 credits)
Introduction to CFD OpenFoam and CFD techniques for heat transfer, free-surface flows, fluid-structure interactions, and dynamic mesh method. Application of CFD through hands-on CFD Labs including OpenFoam solutions to the five canonical flows studied in ME 450 and ANSYS Multiphysics or OpenFoam solutions to 2D wave generated by a submerged foil, heat transfer through a 2D insulated box, dynamic meshes for two cars crossing each other, and fluid-structure interaction simulation for a flapping membrane. Typically Offered: Spring (Odd Years).
ME 554 Assistive Technologies for Physical Impairment (3 credits)
Introduction to assistive and rehabilitative robotics research. Topics include but not limited to: normal and pathological function in the brain and body; exoskeleton robotics; human-machine-interfaces; and development of R&D technical skills culminating in a team design project. Additional project/assignment components required for graduate credit.
ME 555 Biomechanics: Genome to Phenome (3 credits)
The course introduces students to the history and evolution of plant biomechanics with a specific focus on grass species and crops. A multiscale understanding of biomechanical structures and features will be presented. Students will learn appropriate testing methodologies to quantify material properties of plant tissue at multiple scales. Additional work required for graduate credit. Typically Offered: Fall (Odd Years).
ME 558 Finite Element Applications (3 credits)
The finite element method is an essential tool for the design and research activities performed in engineering companies and academic institutions. The goal of this course is to introduce students to the use of the finite element method by focusing on a range of engineering applications and employing an interactive commercial finite element code. Students will learn how to solve various problems from several mechanical engineering areas including solid mechanics, heat transfer and fluid mechanics. When available, analytical solutions will be compared with the finite element solutions for validation purposes. Cooperative: open to WSU degree seeking students (ME 558 only).
ME 559 Robotic Systems Engineering I (3 credits)
Topics to be covered include: principles of distributed systems control, interfacing and signal conditioning of sensors and actuators, data acquisition and signal processing, microprocessor-based control, physical modeling, and hardware and software simulation for model validation and control. Typically Offered: Fall and Spring.
ME 564 Robotic Dynamics, Simulation, and Control (3 credits)
Mathematical analysis of spatial robotics including a review of forward and inverse kinematics and the manipulator Jacobian. Development of robot dynamics via the Langrangian formulation, numerical simulation, contact modeling, nonlinear and adaptive control, and Lyapunov stability theory.
ME 566 Compliant Mechanism Design (3 credits)
Will focus on the design, analysis, and manufacture of compliant mechanisms. Traditional kinematics and elastic deflections will be reviewed, and the area of large-deflection analysis will be introduced. The compliant mechanism theory will be introduced and applied. Additional coursework required for graduate credit. Typically Offered: Fall (Odd Years).
ME 569 Heat Exchanger Design (3 credits)
This course will cover advanced heat exchanger design and apply that knowledge to the design of the following heat exchangers: tube-in-tube heat exchanger, air cooler, compact heat exchanger, feedwater heater, and condenser. Typically Offered: Spring.
ME 571 Building Performance Simulation for Integrated Design (3 credits)
3 credit This course focuses on design decisions that impact energy, thermal, visual and acoustic comfort with a strong emphasis on building simulation tools. This course provides students with the understanding of the nature of building thermal comfort, building envelope behavior, ventilation requirements, indoor air quality, passive cooling systems, energy conservation, and the importance of iterative building simulation in achieving high performance buildings.
ME 583 Reliability of Engineering Systems (3 credits)
Fundamentals of reliability theory, system reliability analysis including common-mode failures and fault tree and event tree analysis, time-dependent reliability including testing and maintenance, propagation of uncertainty, human reliability analysis, practical applications in component and system design throughout the semester. Cooperative: open to WSU degree-seeking students.
ME 598 (s) Internship (1-16 credits)
Credits arranged
ME 599 (s) Non-thesis Master's Research (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged. Research not directly related to a thesis or dissertation.
ME 600 Doctoral Research and Dissertation (1-45 credits)
Credit arranged