FISH 102 The Fish and Wildlife Professions (1 credit)
Orientation of students to the profession of fishery resources and wildlife resources: introduction to fish and wildlife faculty, review of fish and wildlife curriculum, awareness of career opportunities, employment procedures, associated job duties/responsibilities, job preparation, educational preparation, and management challenges in the Pacific Northwest. (Fall only)
FISH 200 (s) Seminar (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged
FISH 203 (s) Workshop (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged
FISH 204 (s) Special Topics (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged
FISH 299 (s) Directed Study (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged
FISH 314 Fish Ecology (3 credits)
Examination of physical, chemical, and biological factors that affect fish populations and communities, with emphasis on environmental stressors. Typically Offered: Fall.
FISH 315 Fish Ecology Field Techniques and Methods (2 credits)
Laboratory and field experience in fish ecology with emphasis on field techniques, laboratory experimentation, and habitat assessment. One weekend field trip and several day trips required. (Fall only)
FISH 398 (s) Renewable Natural Resources Internship (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged. Supervised field experience with an appropriate public or private agency. Required for cooperative education students. Graded P/F.
FISH 400 (s) Seminar (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged
FISH 403 (s) Workshop (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged
FISH 404 (s) Special Topics (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged
FISH 411 Fish Physiology (2 credits)
Physiology of fishes, their implications, and applications. Principles and methods used to study organ systems and physiological mechanisms of homeostatic regulation in fishes.
FISH 415 Limnology (4 credits)
Examination of physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of inland waters. Laboratory focus will be on sampling waterbodies in Idaho, equipment use, and analysis of samples. Part of the course is dedicated to a service-learning project to tackle a real-world problem in limnology. Two lectures and one 4-hour laboratory per week. Depending on the service-learning project, one 1-day weekend field trip may be required. Additional reading, and/or collation of service-learning reports, and/or written reports of assigned literature required for graduate credit. Typically Offered: Fall.
FISH 418 Fisheries Management (4 credits)
Techniques employed in sampling and application of principles toward managing recreational and commercial aquatic resources. Three lectures and one 3-hour lab per week; two weekend field trips. (Fall only)
FISH 422 Concepts in Aquaculture (4 credits)
Concepts and methods of extensive and intensive aquaculture in warm water and cold water systems. Two field trips required (a 1-day and a 3-day field trip). Cooperative: open to WSU degree-seeking students. (Spring only)
FISH 424 Fish Health Management (4 credits)
Epidemiology, prevention, diagnostics, and treatment of infections and non-infectious diseases of free-living and confined finfish and shellfish. Two field trips required (a 1-day and a 3-day field trip). Recommended Preparation: FISH 422. Cooperative: open to WSU degree-seeking students. (Spring only)
FISH 430 Riparian and River Ecology (3 credits)
Course focuses on the ecology of riverscapes; the structure, function and management of fluvial ecosystems; and the interrelationships between rivers and their riparian ecosystems. Course seeks to integrate aspects of hydrology, fluvial geomorphology, aquatic entomology, riparian habitat, fish communities and human impacts to provide a multidisciplinary understanding of riverscapes. At least 2 half day field trips will be required. Special fee required. Typically Offered: Spring.
FISH 450 Ecology & Conservation of Freshwater Invertebrates (2 credits)
The course will survey the evolutionary origins and identification of major groups of invertebrates occurring in freshwaters, examine the key behavioral, morphological, and physiological traits possessed by freshwater invertebrates, identify the key ecological roles and influence of invertebrates in freshwater ecosystems and ecosystem services, and demonstrate how freshwater invertebrates can be used to monitor water quality and ecosystem condition. Cooperative: open to WSU degree-seeking students. (Spring, alt/years)
FISH 451 Freshwater Invertebrate Field Methods (2 credits)
The course will survey the systematics and identification of freshwater invertebrates and demonstrate how freshwater invertebrates can be used to monitor water quality and ecosystem condition. Students will collect and identify freshwater invertebrates from habitats surrounding Moscow, Idaho during an intensive field course. The course will occur on one weekend in February and five days of Spring Break. The course has two required field trips. Cooperative: open to WSU degree-seeking students. (Spring, alt/years)
FISH 473 ECB Senior Presentation (1 credit)
, NRS 473, REM 473, WLF 473. Reporting and presenting the senior project (thesis or internship); taken after or concurrently with REM 497. Serves as the senior capstone course for Ecology and Conservation Biology (ECB).
FISH 481 Ichthyology (4 credits)
Anatomy, systematics, physiology, behavior, genetics and zoogeography of fishes. Three lectures and one 3-hour lab per week. Course has two required field trips. (Spring only).
FISH 483 Senior Project Presentation (1 credit)
Reporting and presenting the senior project (thesis or internship); taken after or concurrently with FISH 497.
FISH 485 Ecology and Conservation Biology Senior Project (1-3 credits, max 3)
Scholarly work; learning objectives include development and formal proposal of a specific project and conducting the project or research with the guidance of a faculty mentor.
FISH 495 (s) Fisheries Seminar (1 credit)
Discuss integrating biological, social, political, economic, and philosophic aspects of problems in managing fishery resources. (Spring only)
FISH 497 Senior Thesis (1-3 credits, max 6)
Preparation of thesis, exhibition, video, computer program, multimedia program, or other creative presentation based on research conducted under the guidance of a faculty mentor.
FISH 498 (s) Internship (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged. The internship serves to provide hands-on experience for students interested in fisheries and aquaculture.
FISH 499 (s) Directed Study (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged. For the individual student; conferences, library, field, or lab work.
FISH 500 Master's Research and Thesis (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged
FISH 501 (s) Seminar (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged. Major philosophy, management, and research problems of wildlands; presentation of individual studies on assigned topics.
FISH 502 (s) Directed Study (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged
FISH 503 (s) Workshop (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged. Selected topics in the conservation and management of fish and aquatic systems. Cooperative: open to WSU degree-seeking students.
FISH 504 (s) Special Topics (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged New selected topics in the conservation and management of fish and aquatic systems. Cooperative: open to WSU degree-seeking students.
FISH 511 Fish Physiology (2 credits)
Physiology of fishes, their implications, and applications. Principles and methods used to study organ systems and physiological mechanisms of homeostatic regulation in fishes. Cooperative: Open to WSU degree-seeking students. (Spring, alt/years)
FISH 515 Large River Fisheries (2 credits)
Management issues and problems in large river fisheries in North America and globally; importance of flood plains; ecological bases for management actions in large rivers; river fisheries in the context of multiple use of large rivers. Cooperative: open to WSU degree-seeking students. (Fall, alt/years)
FISH 525 Aquaculture in Relation to Wild Fish Populations (2 credits)
Historical and current relationships between wildness and domestication as it relates to fisheries management and aquaculture in mitigation and industry. Interactions between wild and hatchery-reared fishes, including salmon. Cooperative: open to WSU degree-seeking students. (Fall, alt/years)
FISH 526 Climate Effects & Cons Manage (2 credits)
Climate change and the conservation and management of populations and ecosystems. This graduate seminar will examine the current understanding of climate controls on ecosystems, likely scenarios for climate change in coming years, effects on fish and wildlife communities and populations and policy discussions as they relate to conservation and management using analysis of primary literature, and oral and written assignments. Cooperative: open to WSU degree-seeking students. (Fall, alt/years)
FISH 535 Limnology (4 credits)
Examination of physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of inland waters. Laboratory focus will be on sampling waterbodies in Idaho, equipment use, and analysis of samples. Part of the course is dedicated to a service-learning project to tackle a real-world problem in limnology. Two lectures and one 4-hour laboratory per week. Depending on the service-learning project, one 1-day weekend field trip may be required. Additional reading, and/or collation of service-learning reports, and/or written reports of assigned literature required for graduate credit. Typically Offered: Fall. Cooperative: open to WSU degree-seeking students.
FISH 540 Wetland Restoration (3 credits)
This web-based course contains modules covering wetland science, restoration ecology, freshwater restoration, coastal restoration, and monitoring/maintenance. The emphasis is on the science of wetland ecosystems and the applied ecology/practice of restoration, with additional consideration of cultural and socio-political contexts. Extensive readings, an assignment, and a study guide are required for each module. Students apply their learning in and contribute relevant professional experience to weekly online discussions. Students are also responsible for obtaining documentation of at least one wetland restoration site in their region and conducting a site visit in order to evaluate the success of the restoration project. A final exam (re-design of a failed restoration project) is administered online, with partial credit earned through discussion with an interdisciplinary team of classmates and the remaining credit earned through individual analysis and synthesis. (Fall only)
FISH 550 Ecology & Conservation of Freshwater Invertebrates (2 credits)
The course will survey the evolutionary origins and identification of major groups of invertebrates occurring in freshwater, examine the key behavioral, morphological, and physiological traits possessed by freshwater invertebrates, identify the key ecological roles and influence of invertebrates in freshwater ecosystems and ecosystem services, and demonstrate how freshwater invertebrates can be used to monitor water quality and ecosystem condition. Cooperative: open to WSU degree-seeking students. (Spring, alt/years)
FISH 551 Freshwater Invertebrate Field Methods (2 credits)
The course will survey the systematics and identification of freshwater invertebrates and demonstrate how freshwater invertebrates can be used to monitor water quality and ecosystem condition. Students will collect and identify freshwater invertebrates from habitats surrounding Moscow, Idaho during an intensive field course. The course will occur on one weekend in February and five days of Spring Break. The course has two required field trips. Cooperative: open to WSU degree-seeking students. (Spring, alt/years)
FISH 560 Advanced Fisheries Techniques (3 credits)
This course focuses on sampling techniques and designs, length structure and body condition indices, age and growth of fishes, mortality estimation, and age-structured population models used in the management of exploited fish populations. Typically Offered: Spring (Odd Years).
FISH 598 (s) Internship (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged
FISH 599 (s) Non-thesis Master's Research (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged. Research not directly related to a thesis or dissertation.
FISH 600 Doctoral Research and Dissertation (1-45 credits)
Credit arranged
WLF 102 The Fish and Wildlife Professions (1 credit)
Orientation of students to the profession of fishery resources and wildlife resources: introduction to fish and wildlife faculty, review of fish and wildlife curriculum, awareness of career opportunities, employment procedures, associated job duties/responsibilities, job preparation, educational preparation, and management challenges in the Pacific Northwest. (Fall only)
WLF 105 Hunter Education (1 credit)
The course provides an overview of hunter ethics; wildlife management, conservation, and survival; and wildlife laws and law enforcement. This course also fulfills the state requirement for hunter education for purchase of a hunting license. Course includes in-class instruction and one outdoor field day. Graded P/F.
WLF 200 (s) Seminar (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged
WLF 201 Fish and Wildlife Applications (2 credits)
This course will introduce students to research and monitoring methods; data analysis and report writing in fish and wildlife sciences; potential state, federal and tribal employers; and management challenges for fish and wildlife populations and habitats. The course will include an off campus experiential learning field trip and activities with professional mentors.
WLF 203 (s) Workshop (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged
WLF 204 (s) Special Topics (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged
WLF 205 Wildlife Law Enforcement (2 credits)
This course will provide students with an introduction to the history of wildlife laws and the role of a Conservation Officer. It will also provide students with a better understanding of wildlife crimes and the impact they have on fish and wildlife. This course is designed for students seeking a career in wildlife law enforcement as well as those pursuing a career in wildlife/fisheries/habitat management.
WLF 220 Principles of Ecology (3 credits)
Principles of ecology and their relevance to management of natural resources. Major topics include plant and wildlife population, community, ecosystem, and landscape level processes and how these processes interact with the environment. Exploration of how ecosystems are affected by humans and global change. Introduction to the types of questions asked by ecologists, the principal concepts and theories that guide ecological inquiry, and the methods that are used to answer ecological questions. Both terrestrial and aquatic systems are considered. Typically Offered: Spring.
WLF 299 (s) Directed Study (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged
WLF 314 Ecology of Terrestrial Vertebrates (3 credits)
Ecology and natural history of birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians. Typically Offered: Fall.
WLF 315 Techniques Laboratory (2 credits)
Techniques associated with wildlife research and local habitats and areas where wildlife species are present. Three hours of lab per week. One weekend field trip required. Two additional animal trapping sessions also required. (Fall only)
WLF 370 Management and Communication of Scientific Data (3 credits)
Students will learn skills to analyze, manage, and present scientific data in the fish and wildlife field. Analyses will be conducted in R, spreadsheets, and basic data management software. Data summaries will include graphical and tabular presentation. Written presentation of scientific information will include organization, grammar, and citation formats appropriate for scientific reports.
WLF 371 Physiological Ecology of Wildlife (2 credits)
Study of how biotic and abiotic components of the environment influence animal physiology, and how the physiology of animals influences their ecology (e. g. , behavior, distribution, etc. ). Major topics include energetics, thermal ecology, nutritional ecology, reproductive physiology, locomotion and movement, and adaptations to extreme environments. (Spring only)
WLF 398 (s) Renewable Natural Resources Internship (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged Supervised field experience with an appropriate public or private agency. Required for cooperative education students. Graded P/F.
WLF 400 (s) Seminar (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged
WLF 403 (s) Workshop (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged
WLF 404 (s) Special Topics (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged
WLF 411 Wildland Habitat Ecology and Assessment (2 credits)
This course integrates theoretical concepts with field sampling related to scientific research, wildlife habitat, and land management practices. Students collect, analyze, and report on ecological data in various formats, and learn specific protocols used by professionals to assess wildlife habitat. Class field trips are required for on-campus students, and alternative field assignments will be required for remote, online students. Additional assignments required for graduate credit. Recommended preparation: REM 252 and REM 253, REM 341, or other plant identification class; introductory statistics course; ability to use excel. Co-enrollment in REM 410 is recommended. Typically Offered: Fall. Cooperative: open to WSU degree-seeking students.
WLF 416 Wildlife Genetics Lab Experience (1 credit)
Hands on training in the basic procedures in molecular biology that have applications in wildlife ecology and conservation. Graduate students must complete an independent project. Typically offered: Fall.
WLF 418 Wildlife Monitoring (1 credit, max 5)
Experiential learning course that provides students with field skills for monitoring of wildlife. A multi-day field trip and extensive walking is expected. Graded Pass/Fail.
WLF 440 Conservation Biology (3 credits)
Patterns of biological diversity; factors producing changes in diversity; values of diversity; management principles applied to small populations, protected area and reserve design, landscape scale conservation, biotic integrity, restoration, and conservation law and policy. Typically Offered: Fall and Summer.
WLF 448 Fish and Wildlife Population Ecology (4 credits)
Dynamics of animal populations resulting from balance between birth, death, and movement processes; quantitative methods for measuring distribution, abundance, survival and population growth; competition, predation, and self-regulation; viability and management of fish and wildlife populations. Three lectures and one lab per week. One weekend field trip required. Typically Offered: Spring.
WLF 473 ECB Senior Presentation (1 credit)
, FSP 473, NRS 473, REM 473. Reporting and presenting the senior project (thesis or internship); taken after or concurrently with REM 497. Serves as the senior capstone course for Ecology and Conservation Biology (ECB).
WLF 482 Ornithology (4 credits)
Evolution, systematics, distribution, identification, and biology of birds, including current conservation efforts. Two days of field trips required. (Spring only)
WLF 483 Senior Project Presentation (1 credit)
Reporting and presenting the senior project (thesis or internship); taken after or concurrently with WLF 485 or WLF 497.
WLF 485 Ecology and Conservation Biology Senior Project (1-3 credits, max 3)
Scholarly work; learning objectives include development and formal proposal of a specific project and conducting the project or research with the guidance of a faculty mentor.
WLF 492 Wildlife Management (4 credits)
Review of social and biological context for current practice of wildlife management including a hands on wildlife management project. Three lectures and one lab per week; two days of field trips. (Spring only)
WLF 497 Senior Thesis (1-3 credits, max 6)
Preparation of thesis, exhibition, video, computer program, multimedia program, or other creative presentation based on research conducted under the guidance of a faculty mentor.
WLF 499 (s) Directed Study (1-16 credits, max arranged)
Credit arranged. For the individual student; conferences, library, field, or lab work.
WLF 500 Master's Research and Thesis (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged
WLF 501 (s) Seminar (1-16 credits, max arranged)
Credit arranged. Major philosophy, management, and research problems of wildlands; presentation of individual studies on assigned topics. Graded Pass/Fail.
WLF 502 (s) Directed Study (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged
WLF 503 (s) Workshop (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged. Selected topics in the conservation and management of wildlife.
WLF 504 (s) Special Topics (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged. New selected topics in the conservation and management of wildlife.
WLF 505 (s) Professional Development (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged
WLF 506 (s) External Speakers (1 credit, max 6)
Students will attend (or view recorded) seminars of fish and wildlife researchers and managers invited to present in our departmental seminar series. Students will read papers of external speakers, lead discussions of papers, and assist with hosting speakers. Graded P/F.
WLF 511 Wildland Habitat Ecology and Assessment (2 credits)
This course integrates theoretical concepts with field sampling related to scientific research, wildlife habitat, and land management practices. Students collect, analyze, and report on ecological data in various formats, and learn specific protocols used by professionals to assess wildlife habitat. Class field trips are required for on-campus students, and alternative field assignments will be required for remote, online students. Additional assignments required for graduate credit. Recommended preparation: REM 252 and REM 253, REM 341, or other plant identification class; introductory statistics course; ability to use excel. Co-enrollment in REM 410 is recommended. Typically Offered: Fall. Cooperative: open to WSU degree-seeking students.
WLF 512 Wildlife Tracks and Sign I (1 credit)
Students will learn to identify wildlife signs and tracks. This course is intended for ecologists, naturalists, and others who wish to have a deeper understanding of the behavior of terrestrial animals in terms of the habitats they frequent, what and where they feed, den and bedding locations, and other activities. This course includes an introduction to animal sign and tracking and focuses on tracking canids, felids and ungulates. Additional work required for graduate credit. Typically Offered: Summer.
WLF 516 Wildlife Genetics Lab Experience (1 credit)
Hands on training in the basic procedures in molecular biology that have applications in wildlife ecology and conservation. Graduate students must complete an independent project. Typically offered: Fall.
WLF 521 Communicating Science Broadly (2 credits)
Communicating science in a clear, compelling way is critical for being an effective scientist. The purpose of this course is to master techniques that will help students communicate clearly and effectively to a diversity of audiences. This course will focus on developing oral and visually-rich products (e. g. , infographics, video shorts, research interviews, message boxes) that students can use to promote their research and science broadly. The course will focus on techniques for clear communication of science regardless of the medium used (e. g. , Twitter, vlog, etc. ). Typically Offered: Varies. Cooperative: open to WSU degree-seeking students.
WLF 522 Community Ecology (2 credits)
Introduction to literature and contemporary research into processes structuring ecological communities. Topics will encompass community-level patterns and processes in a range of ecological systems at local, regional, and global scales, including community impacts on ecosystem processes. Recommended preparation: Introductory level ecology courses.
WLF 530 Riparian Ecology (2 credits)
This course examines the ecology of streamside and floodplain systems from the perspective of habitat, landscape, and community ecology, conservation, and management. The course is structured as a combination of readings, discussions, lectures, and assignments. Recommended preparation: Introductory-level ecology courses.
WLF 540 Conservation Genetics (1-3 credits, max 3)
Basic principles of population genetics and phylogenetics and their applications to the field of conservation and natural resource management. Taught in three 1-credit modules, students can register for 1-3 credits. Module 1 includes introduction to conservation genetics and phylogenetics, module 2 includes population genetic theory and methods, and module 3 includes applications in conservation genetics and genomics. Cooperative: open to WSU degree-seeking students. (Spring, alt/years)
WLF 545 Wildlife Habitat Ecology (2-3 credits)
Reading and discussion on habitat concepts, analyses, and applications. Students enrolled in the 3rd credit will complete additional readings and quantitative problem sets. Cooperative: open to WSU degree-seeking students.
WLF 550 Statistical Distributions and their Applications in Ecology (2 credits)
Contemporary mathematical and statistical distributions central to analysis of ecological data. Students will gain an understanding of the characteristics of diverse distributions and their applications in ecological research. Graded Pass/Fail. Typically Offered: Fall (Odd Years).
WLF 551 Applied Mixed Effects Modeling (2 credits)
Analysis of complex ecological data with mixed effects models and their various extensions. After a brief review of generalized linear modeling, students will gain practical experience in the use of linear and generalized linear mixed models to analyze hierarchical datasets (continuous, count, binary, etc. ) that include inherent serial or spatial autocorrelation. (Fall, alt/years)
WLF 552 Ecological Modeling (3 credits)
Theory and practice of modeling individuals, populations, and communities in heterogenous environments. Construction of spatially-explicit and aspatial models of individual behavior, fitness, population regulation, metapopulation dynamics, and species interactions. Analysis of stability, population viability, harvest, and conservation interventions. Computer-intensive use of R to simulate and analyze mathematical and algorithmic models. In consultation with instructor, each student will independently develop a novel model of their research system. Typically Offered: Fall (Odd Years).
WLF 553 Reproducible Data Science (3 credits)
Students will learn best practices in data management and processing for reproducible science. The course will cover computational tools and techniques to effectively manage data throughout their life cycle, from the moment they get entered into a computer to the moment they are used in a published document. Software tools include spreadsheets for data entry; SQL relational databases for data management; R and the tidyverse for data cleaning, processing, analysis, and visualization; Git for version control of code scripts and data files; and the GitHub platform for code sharing and efficient collaboration. A basic familiarity with R is beneficial but not required. Typically Offered: Varies. Cooperative: open to WSU degree-seeking students.
WLF 555 Statistical Ecology (3 credits)
Stochastic models in ecological work; discrete and continuous statistical distributions, birth-death processes, diffusion processes; applications in population dynamics, population genetics, ecological sampling, spatial analysis, and conservation biology. Cooperative: open to WSU degree-seeking students. (Spring, alt/years)
WLF 558 Bayesian Analysis in Ecology (3 credits)
Bayesian Analysis in Ecology covers the theory and practice of building and analyzing Bayesian models of ecological data. Topics include: (i) the derivation and interpretation of Bayes’ theorem, (ii) choice of priors, (iii) implementation of MCMC algorithms, (iv) convergence diagnostics, (v) interval estimation, and (vi) model selection. Model formulations include: (i) linear and nonlinear models (ii) hierarchical models (iii) closed and open population mark-recapture models (v) state space models, and (vi) integrated population models. We will use R to simulate data sets with known parameters and use JAGS to estimate parameters. Typically Offered: Spring (Odd Years).
WLF 561 Landscape Genetics (2 credits)
Landscape genetics is an interdisciplinary field of study that evaluates how landscape and environmental features influence gene flow, population structure and local adaptation by integrating landscape ecology, population genetics, and spatial statistics. This course covers applications of landscape genetics that can improve our understanding of ecology, evolution, and management of wild populations. Recommended Preparation: Population genetics or conservation genetics, and multivariate or spatial statistics. Cooperative: open to WSU degree-seeking students. (Spring, alt/even years)
WLF 562 Landscape Genetics Lab (1-2 credits)
This optional lab course is a complement to WLF 561 Landscape genetics and should be taken concurrently. Students will learn to analyze and interpret landscape genetic datasets using a variety of methods. If taken for two credits, students will do a project analyzing landscape genetic data. Recommended Preparation: Population genetics or conservation genetics, and multivariate or spatial statistics. Cooperative: open to WSU degree-seeking students. (Spring, alt/even years)
WLF 575 Behavioral Ecology (2 credits)
Behavioral Ecology is the study of evolutionary causes and fitness consequences of behavioral decisions by animals. This course will explore theoretical and empirical approaches to understanding behavioral ecology across a diversity of species, with an emphasis on vertebrates. The format will include short lectures and facilitated discussions of primary literature. The course is open to graduate students and seniors with instructor permission. Cooperative: open to WSU degree-seeking students.
WLF 598 (s) Internship (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged
WLF 599 (s) Non-thesis Master's Research (1-16 credits)
Credit arranged. Research not directly related to a thesis or dissertation.
WLF 600 Doctoral Research and Dissertation (1-45 credits)
Credit arranged